Strategic Management Essay Example for Free

Vital Management Essay Unilever is one of the world’s most seasoned global organizations. Its source returns to the nineteenth century when a gathering of organizations working freely, created cleansers and margarine. In 1930, the organizations converged to frame Unilever that enhanced into food items in 1940s. Through the following five decades, it rose as a significant quick moving purchaser merchandise (FMCG) worldwide working in a few organizations. In 2004, the Unilever 2010 vital arrangement was placed enthusiastically with the mission to ‘bring essentialness to life’ and ‘to address ordinary issues for nourishment, cleanliness and individual consideration with brands that assist individuals with feeling better, look great, and get increasingly out of life’. The corporate procedure is of concentrating on bore organizations of food, home consideration and individual consideration. Unilever works in excess of 100 nations, has a turnover of â‚ ¬ 39.6 billion and net benefit of â‚ ¬ 3.685 billion out of 2006 and infers 41 percent of its pay from the creating and rising economies around the globe. It has 179,000 representatives and is a socially different association with its top administration originating from 24 countries. Internationalization depends on the guideline of nearby roots with worldwide scale planned for turning into a ‘multi-neighborhood multinational’. The beginning of Hindustan Unilever (HUL) in India, returns to 1888 when Unilever sent out Sunlight cleanser to India. Three Indian, auxiliaries appeared in the period 1931-1935 that converged to shape Hindustan Lever in 1956. Mergers and acquisitions of Lipton (1972), Brooke Bond (1984), Ponds (1986), TOMCO (1993), Lakme (1998) and Modern Foods (2002) have brought about an association that is a combination of a few organizations that have been persistently rebuilt throughout the years. HUL is one of the biggest FMCG organization in India with all out deals of Rs. 12,295 crore and net benefit of 1855crore in 2006. There are more than 15000 representatives, including in excess of 1300 administrators. The present corporate technique of HUL is to concentrate on center organizations. These center organizations are in home and individual consideration and food. There are 20 diverse buyer classes in these two organizations. For example, home and individual consideration is comprised of individual wash, clothing, healthy skin, hair care, oral consideration, antiperspirants, shading beauty care products and ayurvedic individual and medicinal services, while food organizations have tea, espresso, frozen yogurts and handled food brands. Aside from the two item divisions, there areâ separate offices for claim to fame sends out and new pursuits. Key administration at HUL is the obligation of the directorate headed by an administrator. There are five free and five entire time chiefs. The operational administration is taken care of by an administration board of trustees containing Vice Chairman, CEO and overseeing chief and official executives of the two business divisions and utilitarian re gions. The divisions have a ton of self-rule with devoted resources and assets. A divisional council having the official chief and heads of elements of deals, business and assembling cares for the business level dynamic. The useful level administration is the duty of the practical head. For example, a promoting supervisor has a group of brand directors caring for the individual brands. Other than the decentralized divisional structure, HUL has incorporated a few capacities, for example, money, human asset the board, research, innovation, data innovation and corporate and lawful undertakings. Unilever all inclusive and HUL broadly, work in the exceptionally serious FMCG markets. The shopper markets for FMCG items are finicky: it’s hard to make clients and considerably more hard to hold them. Cost is frequently the focal worry in a customer buy choice expecting makers to be on consistent protection from against cost increments. Deals and conveyance are basic capacities organisationally. HUL works in such a milieu. It has solid contenders, for example, the m ultinationals Procter Gamble, Nivea or L’Oreal and imposing neighborhood organizations, for example, Amul, Nirma or the Tata FMCG organizations to fight with. Opponents have replicated HUL’s techniques and strategies, particularly in the territory of showcasing and circulation. Its advancements, for example, new style bundling or conveyance through ladies business visionaries are quite esteemed yet in addition replicated persistently, harming its upper hand. HUL is distinguished intimately with India. There is a ring of truth to its vision proclamation: ‘to win the affection and regard of India by having a genuine effect to each Indian’. It has a perfect record in corporate social duty. There is a component of sentimentality related with brands like Lifebuoy (presented in 1895) and Dalda (1937) for senior residents in India. Thusly Indians have consistently seen HUL as an Indian organization as opposed to a global. HUL has endeavored to adjust its methodologies in the past to the exceptional needs of Indian business condition. Be it showcasing orâ human asset the executives, HUL has explored different avenues regarding new thoughts fit to the nearby setting. For example, HUL is known for its abilities in provincial promoting, successful dispersion frameworks and human asset improvement. Yet, this attention on India is by all accounts evolving. This may demonstrate an adjustment in the key stance just as acknowledgment that Indian markets have developed to the degree that they can be managed by the worldwide procedures of Unilever. At the corporate level, it could likewise be an endeavor to use worldwide scale while holding nearby responsiveness somewhat. In accordance with the move in corporate technique, the focal point of vital dynamic appears to have moved from the auxiliary to the base camp. Unilever has figured another worldwide realignment under which it will create marks and smooth out item contributions over the world and the auxiliaries will sell the items. Other unobtrusive signs of the move of dynamic authority could be the arrangement of a British CEO after almost forty years during which there were Indian CEOs, the changed s potlight on a set number of universal brands as opposed to a huge scope of nearby brands created throughout the years and the name-change from Hindustan Lever to Hindustan Unilever. The move in the vital dynamic force from the auxiliary to home office could be that as it may, end up being twofold edged blade. A model could be of HUL embracing Unilever’s worldwide system of focussing on a predetermined number of items, called the 30 force brands in 2002. That appeared to be a totally reasonable vital choice planned for concentrating to a constrained arrangement of high-possible items. In any case, one result of that was the HUL’s solid situation in the specialty cleanser and cleanser markets enduring inferable from disregard and the contenders rushed to make the most of the chance. At that point there are the insights to manage: HUL has about 80 percent of deals and 85 percent of net benefits from the home and individual consideration organizations. Internationally, Unilever gets a large portion of its incomes from food business. HUL doesn't have a solid situation in the food business in India however the food preparing industry remains very appealing both regarding nearby utilization just as fare markets. HUL’s own methodology of offering low-cost, serious items may likewise endure at the expense of Unilever’s accentuation on premium valued, very good quality items sold through present day outlets. There are some foreboding shadows not too far off. HUL’s most recent financials are not good. Net benefit is down,â sales are slow, input costs have been rising and new food items presented in the market still can't seem to get. This while, in one market section after another, a contender pushes ahead. In an organization of such a major size and over-driving nearness, these might at present be minor occasions improvements in a long history that should be accepted. Yet, skeptically, they could likewise be pointers to what exactly may come. Questions: 1. Express the methodology of Hindustan Unilever in your own words. 2. At what various levels is procedure planned in HUL? 3. Remark on the vital dynamic at HUL. 4. Offer your input on whether the move in vital dynamic from India to Unilever’s central command could end up being invaluable to HUL or not. CASE: 2 THE STRATEGIC ASPIRATIONS OF THE RESERVE BANK OF INDIA The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India’s national bank or ‘the bank of the bankers’. It was set up on April 1, 1935 as per the arrangements of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1935. The Central Office of the RBI, at first set up at Kolkata, is at Mumbai. The RBI is completely claimed by the Government of India. The historical backdrop of RBI is firmly lined up with the monetary and budgetary history of India. Most national banks the world over were set up around the start of the twentieth century. The Bank was set up based on the Hilton Young Commission. It started its activities by taking over from the Government the capacities so far being performed by the Controller of Currency and from the Imperial Bank of India, the administration of Government records and open obligation. After freedom, RBI continuously fortified its organization building abilities and advanced regarding capacities from focal banking to that of improvement. There have been a few endeavors at rearrangement, rebuilding and production of particular foundations to take into account developing needs. The Preamble of the RBI depicts its essential capacities like this: ‘†¦.to direct the issue of Bank Notes and keeping of stores with the end goal of making sure about monetaryâ stability in India and for the most part to work the money and credit arrangement of the nation to its advantage.’ The vision expresses that the RBI ‘†¦

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 11

Task Example Applying the above hypothesis to this coursework talk, we can likewise state that understudies have a desire for what concentrating in the UK organizations should offer them. On the issue of concentrating in the United Kingdom, this current coursework chiefly plans to explore the degree to which understudies have gotten mindful of budgetary issues that are confronted with understudies who are joining colleges. Hence, the coursework will offer data and guidance on what first year undergrad ought to hope to spend their cash on when they show up at the college and a harsh gauge of these expenses. Also, the coursework will feature on the wellsprings of money that are accessible to understudies. Students’ consumption financial plan According to Davey (2008), understudies learning at UK establishments are confronted with a spending plan as they should provide food for their necessities and spread their own costs, this more specifically for understudies are boarding at their learning organizations. In this manner, for first year college understudies the primary thing that they ought to learn is money related administration and legitimate planning so as to experience the whole term without monetary obstacles and have the option to completely focus on their investigations. Among the regular consumption that understudies are confronted with, incorporate lease, food, correspondence (portable/web), understudy supplies, gathering charge, transport, utilities, and banking charges, for example, opening a UK account. Gauge of an understudy spending plan For first year understudies who will embrace a course that runs for a long time, the normal spending gauges are introduced in the table beneath. A 3 years course Amount in GBP Annual charges 2500 The living costs Books 62 Clothes 178 Concerts/film 50 Travel home 50 Monthly use Rent 340 Bar/eatery bills 77 Food 130 Mobile telephone 36 Transport 12 Shopping 69 Households bills 65 Other different 20 Total Amount 37, 524 Bas ed on this aggregate sum that understudies will spend for their whole 3 years course, the yearly sum that understudies will be required to have is 12508, on per term premise the necessary sum is 4168.33 while on month to month premise it is 1042.33. Evans (2011) expressed that for understudies concentrating in the UK, there are different wellsprings of account that they can misuse so as to cover for their costs and this avoided reserves that can be accommodated by their folks or gatekeepers. Among the accessible sources, incorporate understudy advances, gives that are offered every year, procuring from low maintenance work, and occasion occupations. The gauge sums that understudies could produce from these sources are as per the following; Students’ conceivable salary Student advance in addition to allow every year 6000 Part-time work 60 Holiday employments 2500 Total 8560 The yearly use spending plan for understudies as it was noted was 12,508 and the unpleasant assessments for students’ conceivable pay every year is 8560 altogether. In this manner, it implies that on yearly premise understudies will have a shortage of 3948. This setback could either be secured by a finances got from guardians or salary earned from extra low maintenance employments and occasions occupations. In any case, it is of substance to take note of that for understudies to connect a lot in occupations is almost certain to meddle with their training and they may wind up have diminishing exhibitions. The other key cost that was excluded from the financial plan is human services costs for the understudies. This was deliberately prohibited in view of the way that social insurance cost for understudies is likewise charged as a component of the complete school expenses,

Analysis of Ford, Toyota and General Motors

Examination of Ford, Toyota and General Motors COMPETITOR’S ANALYSIS: Toyota engines: Toyota is Japans most prominent auto association and the second greatest on earth after General Motors. The basic clarification behind Toyotas accomplishment in the overall business place hails from their corporate sanity, the arrangement of principles and disposition that manage the usage of its advantages. The Toyota rationale is as often as possible called as the Toyota Production System. The structure depends to a restricted degree on a human resources organization course of action that enlivens agent creative mind and steadiness also, on an exceedingly profitable arrangement of providers and parts makers. A lot of Toyotas accomplishment on the planet markets may be attributed explicitly to the synergistic execution of its methodologies in human resources organization and stock system frameworks. The playing purpose of the Tesla auto association is that it fixates mainly on the one item offering relating to the electric charging. So there is no distraction of the association to m ake automobiles having being stimulated by petroleum, diesel or gas. The vital explanation for Toyotas achievement in the general business center lies in its corporate method of reasoning the arrangement of norms and condition of mind that address the use of its advantages. A corporate reason, in the explanations of Fred J. Borch, past CEO of General Electric, is the umbrella methodology that partners the greater part of the choices and exercises of the connection. The Toyota insight is reliably more by and large known as the Toyota Production System (Competitive preferred position the Toyota way). Relationship outside environmental factors incorporates both geographic segments and social parts. Region and resources are earnest geographic components affecting both national and corporate triumph, with masses perspectives and institutional game-plans making up the most genuine pieces of the social parts impacting both the accomplishment of firms and of nations The Tesla organization likewise has an upper hand in the assembling of the vehicles as it has been fruitful in creating vehicles having most reduced focus of gravity, which is the principle wellspring of their â€Å"5 star security rating† in all cars’ classes. This is the primary driver of the continuance of the Tesla’s items in the market while Toyota and other remote auto makers have adequately penetrated the US grandstand and made sure about extensive region by balance of its advantage. Toyotas rationale of connecting with its workers is within bit of a human resources organization system that supports imagination and progression by engaging delegate speculation, and that in like way prompts anomalous measures of laborer resolve (Toyota). The greatest qualities of the Tesla are its execution. The company’s S model is the confirmation of how the organization can execute and furthermore its capacity to build the creation that lifts up the investors’ certainty producers yearnings. As indicated by the most recent procuring report of Tesla it has accomplished working edges that equivalents to 25% for 2014. Additionally the organization guided to 28% working edges around the same time anyway Toyota is trading at 0.6 occasions deals. Portage needs to begin 23 models extensively in 2014, which is definitely the most thing begins in a year in its history. As needs be, improvement could animate and this fills in as a gigantic driving force into 2014. The income of the Tesla is 9.3% that of Toyota besides Tesla has a lot higher gross benefit of 25%. The gross benefit level of Toyota is 18.7% (Toyota). Portage engines: It was built up by Henry Ford and intertwined on June 16, 1903. The Ford Motor Company (in any case called basically Ford) is an American global automaker headquartered Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was set up by Henry Ford and intertwined on June 16, 1903. The association offers vehicles and business vehicles under the Ford brand and most excess cars under the Lincoln brand. Entry furthermore guarantees Brazilian SUV maker, Troller, and execution car producer FPV. In the past it has furthermore changed tractors and auto sections (Our Company). Passage is one of the greatest vehicle producers on earth. The associations head auto brands fuse Aston Martin, Ford, Lincoln, Mazda, Mercury and Volvo. The association creates and passes on vehicles in more than 200 organizations more than six primary terrains. The associations strong brand portfolio accommodates it a gigantic inclination. Profit for value shows what measure of advantage an association makes from investors money. The arrival for value champion around the automakers is Ford (F). Interchange automakers are not as convincing in changing over investor money into advantage. Profit for value is a proportion of organizations suitability, so I consider this to be a fundamental measurement and inclination for Fords continued triumph. The benefit for value is processed by taking net compensation and isolating it by the investors value. Being financial specialists we can imagine ourselves as one of the board parts on Shark Tank. Regardless of the way that we dont have nearly to the degree that as the Shark Tank board parts, we can evaluate these associations to make sense of whether they merit of our theory money. Portage is changing over 28.5% of investor money into advantage. This increases the ROE of exchange automakers. This shows theorists can trust in the work that CEO, Alan Mullaly and his gathering are doing from a business viewpoint. This organization bunch is getting the most energy for its theorists hard earned cash. The organization ampleness is in the end reflected in the outperformance of Fords stock expense as appeared differently in relation to its opponents (Ford Vs. Tesla Which Stock Should You Buy?, 2013). Following a momentous year in 2013, portions of Ford (NYSE: F) dropped lower by nearly 8% once the associations 2014 point of view was exhibited.Consistent with Ford CFO Bob Shanks, the associations pretax benefit in 2014 will be lower than in 2013. The association alludes to different purposes behind this nonappearance of progress, fusing unforeseen government movement in creating markets, thing surveys, and moreover an annuity responsibility support. Elon Musk propelled Tesla engines following 100 years when Ford Motors turned over however as of late Ford engines has become the slouch. From financial specialists perspective Tesla has a far higher esteem.Tesla has an absence of operational history in examination with Ford and that may be the greatest quality in present moment on the grounds that the designers begin to work from a clear record yet according to other perspective it tends to be a most serious hazard in long haul as Ford has made due in each monetary atmosphere. Discuss ing the portions of the Ford they are esteemed based on the company’s venture and where it stands now where as Tesla is decided from the viewpoint of future standing (SWOT examination of Ford). Customer endurance will reliably be a particularly foremost weight pointer of vehicle deals triumph, said Jeffrey Anderson, official of directing and dismemberment for Experian Automotive. Portage has made extraordinarily dedicated customers over a broad assortment of vehicles. That consistency transversely over its item offering has helped vault Fords faithfulness rankings past its foes in our latest examination. Speculators are paying extraordinary eagerness to put resources into Tesla as its deals are probably going to increment from $400 million to more than $2billion. Mercedes Benz was second with 43.7 percent, which is an important form over the past quarter when they came in ninth spot with 34.6 percent. Discussing Tesla its supporters are viewing the multi year incline of income as the passage of vehicle in 2017 which will have a moderate cost in the standard market. General motors’: General Motors is the second most noteworthy vehicles gathering relationship on the planet. They have divisions all far and wide that give plans and parts to one another. By offering parts and plans all far and wide, GM has the ability further fortifying development a positive karma over their adversaries by saving money on course of action packs. They correspondingly use economy of scales to chop down their obligation on their parts. Section engines picked up the framework that permitted it low dealing with cost by cutting all the over the top upkeep remembered for these tasks. The goliath use on grungy materials was sliced down and the web gathering system was presented that emphasis on the difference in vehicles on one strategy rather than having different portions of building and course of action. This technique was makes sure about overhead motivation behind venture and give the affiliation advantage over its enemies with respect to extra level using cash on hand (attendant, 198 3), in the mean while affiliation viewed changing sharp autos that were not regard delicate and offered the appropriateness of expected segment vehicles (About GM: Our Company). China is the greatest vehicle business and is a rising economy that grows reliably. It is similarly the second greatest business division for GM to the extent vehicle units sold. An early section into China, well performing associations and neighborhood Buick brand are the essential reasons why GM has a strong situation in Chinas auto advertise. GM is the greatest automobile creator in US and at present holds over 18% bit of the general business. This is basically a direct result of expansive learning of US market and its buyers. Gm’s Cadillac, GMC, Chevrolet and Buick are around the first class marks in US and China and gain over 80% of every General Motor arrangements. Tesla has become a media and securities exchange legend as it made flawless vehicles the Roadster and Model S. GM is a decent contender as it pools its assets and put them into much engaged activities. A portion of the focal points that GM has over Tesla are the scale which is significant for high benefit in t he automob

Save Big with Our Fall Sale!

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Analysis Of Chiropractic Spinal Manipulation Therapy ( Smt...

Chiropractors are extensively sought out in North America, and throughout the world, primarily in high-income countries. Their treatment for lower back pain consists of a wide variety of combined therapeutic treatments including different physical therapies, exercise programs, acupuncture, nutritional and lifestyle education. But primarily chiropractors are known for their expertise is the use of Spinal Manipulation therapy or â€Å"adjustments† which is a very common treatment of both chronic and acute lower back pain. Chiropractic spinal manipulation therapy (SMT) uses high-velocity low amplitude (HLVA) techniques that is a very hands on therapy directed at the patient s spine. SMT involves various mobilization and manipulation techniques. The chiropractor manipulates the patient’s spine, by passively increasing their joints range on motion. The therapist will then apply a focused and direct thrust at or near the end feel of the joint. Typically an audible crack ca n be heard indicating a successful adjustment. There are two different theories into how SMT decreases lower back pain and improves function. First, the mechanical approach theorizes that SMT acts on a functional spinal lesion â€Å"subluxation† and that the forced manipulation reduces internal mechanical stress. Thus resulting in an improved function and decreased pain. The second theory focuses on the neuromuscular system. The neuromuscular approach theorizes that SMT exerts its effect on afferent neurons along the

Britain as an Awkward Partner in the European Community...

Britain as an Awkward Partner in the European Community Britain emerged from the war in a relatively favourable position, compared to its European neighbours. In 1946 industrial production was as high as at any time pre-war, and increasing quite fast. By the end of the year exports had regained their pre-war level along with this there was little unemployment and retail prices remained fairly stable. All this contrasted strongly with the situation in France, Germany and Italy. Indeed in the late 1940s and into the early 1950s Britains economy performed better then its European counterparts. Churchill suggested that France and West Germany should lead the creation of a new Europe for justice,†¦show more content†¦The official line on Britains non-entry being ,we are not willing to make prior commitment to a scheme whose terms of membership are unknown. This also underlines the fact that Britain wanted to continue as before and thought it could, at the time Britain was producing about one half of the coal and steel in Europe. Right from the conception of the European union Britain has stood aloof from the union being very cautious and wary. From as far back as the creation of the European Steel and Coal Community in 1952 Britain has shown its unwillingness and reservations about joining Europe. The ECSC was set up under the Treaty of Paris in 1951 with 6 countries signing. These countries were France, Italy, Luxemburg, Holland and Belgium. Britain was expected to join the ECSC but this was not the case. Britain at the time had a far superior economy in strength than the rest of its European counterparts and felt the union would only inhibit them Economically. In 1955 a congress was held on the creation of a general customs union, to which Britain did not deem important enough to send more than a civil servant. 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What Led to the Collapse of Consensus free essay sample

The 1950’s and early 1960’s was a time of consensus in the US. By the middle of the 60’s the US experienced a series of shocks which undermined consensus. The assassination of President Kennedy in Dallas in 1963. The differences in the civil rights movement. The escalation of the Vietnam War. All of these factors undermined American confidence to change the world and improve the country. By the late 60’s, US society was polarised: divided between different viewpoints: Youth culture; counter-culture, and multiculturism. The youth culture was created due to a baby boom in the 50’s and 60’s as this led to a large youth population. Most children stayed in school and university for longer. Most had more money because of the affluent society either from their parents of part-time jobs. As a result, they developed their own culture. Teenager became the term used to describe the years between childhood and adult years. The generation gap between adults and the teenager became obvious. J. D.Salinger’s â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†, published in 1951 told the story of a restless teenager, Holden Caulfield who rejected the hypocrisy of adult life: â€Å"If you want the truth they’re all bunch of phonies†. The book was banned in schools in 15 states. Youth culture was the basis upon which consensus was destroyed. Rock ‘n’ Roll was a way of expressing the generation gap, unfortunately parents called it the devil’s music. Radio helped spread it with disc jockeys and the Top 20 with cheap 45 rpm singles and the LP in 1948 and juke boxes. Record sales were over $5000 million in 1960. The stars were Chuck Berry and Elvis Presley. Adults thought Elvis was obscene. The car became a symbol of restless youth. To cater for the mobile teenage and youth market, businessmen developed drive-in movie theatres and drive-in diners. Rock ‘n’ Roll was catalyst for the youth culture to develop, intensifying its effect on the collaps of consensus. Some of these young people became known as delinquents: young people who were in trouble with the law. Comics were often blamed. There was an increase in drunkenness and fighting. Movies were blamed, such as: Rebel without a Cause which starred James Dean. The Blackboard jungle featured rebellious students. Some blamed Rock ‘n’ Roll music. There was a fear of open revolt against society: â€Å"The gangster of tomorrow is the Elvis Presley of today†. These young people were actively working to bring down the consensus which had dominated the US for the past decade. This led to a sexual revolution. The was because of the greater freedom of the pill. The women;s movement and Supreme Court decision to make explicit books more availible. Movies also became more explicit. By the 1970’s the spreqda of benereal diseases and AIDs caused many young people to avoid casual relations. By the 80’s there an emphasis on virginity and celibacy. The dominant trends of independence, freedom, the consumer markey and wealth in youth culture remained. Pop music, fashion, smoking and drugs continued to be the expressions of youth cutlure. By now, the collaps of consensus was in full swing; the next development would be that of a counter-culture. Counter culture was the desire for an alternative. It grew because of the influence of the civlil right’s movement; the growing of the anti-war movement; the acceptance that everyone had rights. The increase on the university population from 16 million in 1960 to 25 million in 1970 helped also. Drugs had a dramatic effect. Perhaps the greatest pastor of counter-culture was Norman Mailer. He published 39 books, plays, screen plays, poems, articles. Some of his books included: The White Negro; An American Dream; Why Are We in Vietnam; Armies of the Night; and Of a Fire on the Moon. He co-founded the Village Voice, one of the earliest underground papers and articles. He saw the US and the USSR as totallitarian societies. He felt the US’s power structure destroyed individualism. Betty Friedman was also an advocate of counter-culture. She attacked the idea that women could only get satisfaction and fulfillment from rearing childrem and minding the house in her book called â€Å"The Feminine Mystique†. The main idea of the book was that women were the victim of a set of values and culture. This was hte feminine mystique. She later whote â€Å"The Second Stage† which assessed the state of the women’s movement ten years later. Both Mailer and Friedman, through the promotion of counter-culture, were helping the collapse of consensus in America. Hippies were paramount to the counter culture. They were mainly middle class and white college dropouts. They rejected material wealth and the consumer society. They rejected war, poverty and injustice. They promoted freedom of expression and questioned authority. They wore colourful clothes and wore their hair and beards long. They lived together in communes or tribes or families, practicing free love. They took drugs, paticularly marijuana and LSD and listened to acid rock. Some experimented with different religions. Some experiemented with different religions. The numbers were small living in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco and the East Village of New York City. They spoke of peace, love and beauty. They were the free people. Hippies were the physical representation of the collapse of consensus. Integegral to the counter culture were rock festivals. Here, hippies folowed the music of â€Å"peace and love†. Groups like the Gratful dead and Jefferson Airplane. A number of rock festivals gave expression to this including: Crosby Stills and Nash at the San Fransisco bay area: Human Be-In and A Gathering of the Tribes and the most famous Woodstock, in NY, in 1969 when 300,000 turned up and there was no trouble. This was in contrast to the Rolling Stones’ Altamont Festivak where Hells Angels acted as security gaurds and treated the crowd badly, resultng in deaths. The Manson family showed another type of counter culture, where they murdered Sharon Tate and four friends. The publicity the hippies receieved created strong antagonism among working class youth, workers and middle class America. This increased class tension. Ronald Reagan when he was governor of California expressed this hostility when he declared: a hippie is a person who â€Å"dressed like Tarzan, has hair like Jane, and smells like Cheetah†. Until its demise, counter culture had a profound effect on the collapse of consensus. Multiculturalism was also a part of the collapse of consensus. During the 19th and early 20th century, the US became the melting pot because of the arrival of immigrants from different countries. They lived in seperate neighbourhoods but were expected to follow the American way of life. There was an expectation that social unity was needed to develop a strong state. People became Americanised through schools, the spread of popular culture and growing prosperity. This multiculurism wouldn’t have been a problem for consensus, had ethnic pride not developed. Black leaders encouraged black pride in their history. They wanted black studies in schools and universities. They wanted to trace their heritage. They wanted to be called African Americans. Mexican-Americans wanted to be called Chicanos. They wanted to be educated through Spanish. Some used the slogan Brown Power. Mexicon=Americans were part of the wider Hispanic community-people from Latin American and the Caribbean. By the 1990’s they were the largest minority group in the US. Native Americans of American Indians numbered 1 million in the 1960’s. They forced teh white government to help their social and economic situation. The Indan Self-Determination Act, 1975 was passed which gave Indians control oftheir reservations. Mulitculutralism was an ever present factor in the collapose of consensus. Ethinic pride developed because: the growth of the civil rights movement made people aware of their identity; many wanted a distinct identity that would counteract consumer culture; US immigration laws changed in 1965. This led to a break down in teh civil-rights movement. Malcolm X led a more radical group which advocated violence and supported black nationilism why they called â€Å"black power†. This showed a growing pride in being African-American. The Black Panters wanted to gain power â€Å"through the barrel of a gun†. The national origins quote which favoured Europeans was widened. Racial and dialect jokes were frowned upon. Descendents tried to discover their roots. Some home countries saw this as an opportunity for influence in America. Now multicultruism was working to bring about the collapse of consensus. There was opposition to mutliculurism. Some said it created divisions and undermoned beliefs that held the country together. These were part of the new right under President Reagan. Some argued it led to a dumbing down in education. That reading levels had declined in elementary schools. That increasing cultural divergence and rivalry could cause serious social problems and conflicts. There was a likelyhood of fragmented and seperate communities which could cause conflict in the future.